Panels show study design (a), higher plasma TMAO (b), worsened IPGTT (c), reduced insulin/C-peptide responses and GSIS under clamp (dk), pancreatic histology (l), altered islet composition by immunostaining (mo), and increased plasma glucagon (p), supporting a mechanistic link between TMAO and -cell dysfunction
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These actions facilitate cell migration and organization at the site of injury, supporting tissue regeneration and structural recovery