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If the inflammation is coming from an autoimmune condition, active infection, untreated sleep apnea, heavy alcohol use, or another non-metabolic cause, the effect may be modest or incomplete
Indeed, the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to fatty acyl-CoAs and a specialized system, well known as carnitine shuttle, is needed for translocating fatty acids moieties, conjugated with carnitine, into mitochondrial matrix for the -oxidation
Studies show that MDA levels significantly increase in IL-1- or erastin-induced OA mouse models, while 4-HNE and its protein adducts rise in the synovial fluid and chondrocytes of OA patients, underscoring the critical role of lipid peroxidation in OA pathology (Grigolo et al., 2003
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