Standard dosing ranges from 0.25 mg to 0.5 mg daily via subcutaneous injection
B12 is crucial for converting food into energy, supporting the metabolism of every cell in the body, particularly affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, fatty acid synthesis, and energy production
People who have had bariatric surgery Previous bariatric surgery, particularly gastric bypass, permanently alters the digestive anatomy in ways that reduce B12 absorption
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Long-term follow-up studies are needed to assess durability of therapeutic effects and to identify any delayed adverse effects or complications that might not be apparent in shorter-term investigations
when present, symptoms typically reflect underlying conditions such as liver disease, haematological disorders, or renal impairment rather than the elevated vitamin itself