[95] Intramuscular or intravenous injection [edit] Injection of hydroxycobalamin is often used if digestive absorption is impaired, [2] but this course of action may not be necessary with high-dose oral supplements (such as 0.51.0 mg or more), [97] [98] because with large quantities of the vitamin taken orally, even the 1% to 5% of free crystalline B 12 that is absorbed along the entire intestine by passive diffusion may be sufficient to provide a necessary amount
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These include: Pernicious anaemia : An autoimmune condition where the body cannot produce intrinsic factor, preventing B12 absorption Crohn's disease or coeliac disease : Conditions affecting the ileum, where B12 is absorbed Previous gastric surgery : Including gastric bypass or removal of parts of the stomach or small intestine Atrophic gastritis : Chronic inflammation of the stomach lining Medication users may experience reduced B12 absorption
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