Bottom line: Oral GLP-1 supplements have a more substantiated evidence base than patches
Cummings: When you eat, your brain knows youre full when signals from the stomach being stretched are relayed to your brain
For GLP-1 drugs, whose costs vary widely and may not be covered, this feature helps providers choose the right therapy
If you experience joint pain whilst taking a GLP-1 medication, several practical strategies may help manage symptoms whilst you continue your prescribed treatment
Regulating Satiety Pathways: In the hypothalamus, GLP-1 RAs stimulate neurons that promote satiety (POMC/CART neurons) and inhibit neurons that drive hunger (NPY/AgRP neurons), reducing food intake and enhancing fullness (Zheng et al., 2024)
Activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) potentiates the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Epac/PI3K/Akt), cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1 (AMPK/SIRT1) pathways, which enhance mitochondrial function, autophagy, and metabolic reprogramming
