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Age-Related Changes: Older adults often produce less stomach acid, which can hinder B12 absorption from food

Brief interruptions require no adjustment while longer gaps may benefit from extended total protocol duration to compensate

If a timepoint for blood collection of 1 h post ingestion is selected, the FITC-Dextran assay will represent small intestinal permeability, whilst longer timepoints (46 h) will represent whole gut permeability

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to mild or even serious health issues, but the good news is that its treatable, often through dietary changes, supplements, and lifestyle adjustments

Kidney Dysfunction: While the kidneys do not directly excrete vitamin B12 efficiently, impaired renal function may lead to elevated serum B12 levels by reducing the clearance of B12-binding proteins or altering their metabolism, thereby contributing to B12 accumulation 8

Why B12 might trigger rashes