The two synthetic GPR40-specific compounds AM-1638 and AM-5262, have been found to act as double Gq and Gs agonists but also as positive allosteric modulators, capable to enhance the GLP-1-secreting capabilities of Gq-only agonists such as dietary docosahexaenoic (DHA) and -linolenic acid (ALA), independently of the orthosteric site (265)
That is why the wellness marketing of B12 as an all-purpose energy or weight-loss boost is not supported by NHS or NICE guidance
Commercial involvement does not invalidate the data, but it is relevant when assessing independence and the need for replication
This is a legal and common practice
Preclinical work has reported a distinct selectivity profile, with growth hormone stimulation observed at concentrations that did not trigger ACTH or cortisol secretion, making it a useful tool for isolating growth hormone-specific signalling without activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The implications of these research findings extend to the sphere of both human and animal health, considering the persistent global concern regarding cadmium exposure