These can cause: Heart palpitations (a rapid or irregular heartbeat) Increased blood pressure (which is especially risky if you've got an existing heart condition) Anxiety or jitters Insomnia, especially if you wear the patch late in the day Digestive or systemic issues Even though the patch bypasses the stomach, the ingredients still enter your bloodstream
A systematic review & meta-analysis (2019) found that creatine supplementation did not significantly alter serum creatinine or plasma urea in healthy individuals (i.e., .) no evidence of renal damage A 2013 controlled study in resistance trained individuals on a high protein diet (1.2 g/kg/day), using gold-standard measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR by ^51Cr-EDTA clearance), found no change in kidney filtration over 12 weeks of creatine (loading + maintenance)
Salentinig, S., Sagalowicz, L
However, about a quarter of study participants were 65 or older, including 3% who were 75 or older
This is based on the principle of subunit approximation
Overall, GLP-1RAs show no added CV risk and provide a valuable therapeutic option, with selection further guided by indications for the reduction of MACE in high-risk patients
