Neural Tube Defects Deficiency in early pregnancy increases the risk of brain and spinal cord malformations, especially when combined with low folate [*]
It encodes MOTS-c, a 16-amino-acid peptide that travels from the mitochondrial matrix into the nucleus and even into the bloodstream, acting less like a local signaling molecule and more like a systemic hormone
Accessed January 2024 ACIP Vaccine Recommendations and Guidelines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
At 0.9%, it is used to inhibit the growth of many bacteria in the vial after it has been opened (punctured), which is why bacteriostatic water is commonly used for multi-dose preparations
Quick Take 1: Vegans and vegetarians can get B12 from plant sources, but have to consume a lot of these foods daily, including organically grown cress, shitake mushrooms, nori seaweed, and fermented vegetables
Any discussion of interactions between these two compounds is therefore necessarily theoretical, based on their individual mechanisms of action and general pharmacological principles