FASEB J 21:22262236 Kato S, Ishita S, Suguwara K, Mawatari K (1993) Cystine/glutamate antiporter expression in retinal Mller glial cells: implications for DL-alpha-aminoadipate toxicity
Structure, Biosynthesis of GSH and Key Enzymes Involved in GSH Homeostasis Glutathione (GSH) (PubChem CID:124886) is a ubiquitous tripeptide (of L-gamma-Glutamyl Acid-L-Cysteinyl-glycine), which is found in all aerobic organisms
Psychiatric genetics 16, 105115, doi:10.1097/01.ypg.0000199444.77291.e2 (2006)
13 Investigations in humans have used 15 mg/kg as an oral bolus to increase the plasma GSH concentration two- to fivefold
The mechanisms underlying these effects include the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which is physiologically responsible for insulin receptor inhibition through dephosphorylation and attenuates insulin signal transduction (123, 124)
The therapeutic effect of supplemental lipoic acid is often attributed to its role as an antioxidant