Blood levels of GPX are lower in patients with T2D compared to healthy controls and the decrement in GPX activity was more severe in T2D patients with obesity compared to T2D patients without obesity [58]
The problem is that the digestive process, particularly stomach acid and the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase present in the gut lumen, can cleave glutathione into its constituent amino acids (glutamate, cysteine, glycine) before it is absorbed intact
T Cell Regul Allergy Asthma Atopic Skin Dis 94:101111 Wu H, Ke X, Huang W, Shi W, Yao S, Duan Y-Y, Tian W, Dong S-S, Xue H-Z, Guo Y (2023) Multitissue integrative analysis identifies susceptibility genes for atopic dermatitis
GNB, gram-negative bacteria
For a deeper dive into how peptides work generally, see our complete peptide guide
28 , 3240 (2003) Khan, Z.G., Patil, P.O.: A comprehensive review on carbon dots and graphene quantum dots based fluorescent sensor for biothiols