Interestingly, these neuroprotective features have also been shown in humans, where post-menopausal women taking HRT, had fewer and smaller damaged areas after an ischemic event comparing to controls (non-HRT) (Jover-Mengual et al., 2007)
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doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.13.1.97
GHK-Cu activates TGF-beta superfamily signaling and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways, promoting tissue remodeling and repair
It upregulates growth factors including VEGF and EGF
"Prior Authorization: What Is It, When Might You Need It, and How Do You Get It?" health.harvard.edu Novo Nordisk