Abbreviations AID: Activation-induced cytidine deaminase Akt: Protein Kinase B ALI: Acute lung injury AMD: Age-related macular degeneration AP-1: Activator protein-1 APC: Antigen presenting cell BCR: B cell receptor Breg: Regulatory B cell CFH: Complement factor H CVD: Cardiovascular disease DC: Dendritic cell DGE: German Nutrition Society ECM: Extracellular matrix EFSA: European Food Safety Authority eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase ERK1/2: Extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1/2 fMLP: N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine FOXO1: Forkhead box protein O1 G-CSF: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor GM-CSF: Granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factor GPR39: G protein-coupled receptor 39 GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 HLA: Human leucocyte antigen HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell IFN: Interferon Ig: Immunoglobulin IL: Interleukin iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase IRS: Insulin receptor substrates KIR: Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mDC: Myeloid dendritic cell MDD: Major Depressive Disorder MHC: Major histocompatibility complex MLC: Mixed lymphocyte culture MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase MPO: Myeloperoxidase MT: Metallothionein mTORC1: Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 NET: Neutrophils release extracellular trap NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells NIH: National Institutes of Health NK cells: Natural killer cell NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio PAMP: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell PD-1: Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 PD-L: Programmed Death-Ligand pDC: Plasmacytoid dendritic cell PHA: Phytohemagglutinin PI3 K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PIP 3 : Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphat PKC: Protein kinase C PMN: Polymorphonuclear neutrophil PP2 A: Protein phosphatase 2 PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog PTP1B: Tyrosine phosphatase 1B ROS: Reactive oxygen species RPE: Retinal pigment epithelium S6 K: S6 kinase SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism SOD: Superoxide dismutase TC: Total cholesterol TCR: T cell receptor TGF: Transforming growth factor TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF: Tumor necrosis factor TPEN: N , N , N , N -Tetrakis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine Tregs: Regulatory T cell VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor WHO: World Health Organization XCI: X chromosome inactivation Xi: Inactive X chromosome ZAG: Zinc-2-glycoprotein ZD: Zinc deficiency ZnT: Zinc transporter References Jaul E, Barron J
Plateau tip: If youre thinking about food more often again, your meals may need to be more satisfying
THE EVIDENCE IS OVERWHELMING CGM reduces time in hypoglycaemia by 27% and improves monitoring adherence by 33% (IDF/market meta-analysis, 2025) CGM reduces long-term risk of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular events the complications that consume the vast majority of the $966B+ annual diabetes healthcare budget We are now at an inflection point in CGM technology
Therefore, education in the management of insulin doses is a crucial component of this therapy, both at initiation and during follow-up
at present, no pharmacological treatments for NAFLD or NASH are routinely commissioned outside clinical trials or specialist protocols
The SELECT cardiovascular outcomes trial further demonstrated a 20% reduction in major cardiovascular events in patients with obesity and prior cardiovascular disease
