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Preclinical data support the protective role of GLP-1 in ulcerative colitis (UC) models, where it inhibits pro-inflammatory mediator production and downregulates key signaling pathways such as AKT/NF-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [385]
Diabetes itself increases NAION risk, creating particularly dangerous situations when patients take GLP-1 medications that multiply already elevated baseline risk
Key takeaways: Alcohol metabolism is a two-step process: Alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde (toxic), which is then converted to acetate
In line with BOMSS (British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society) guidance , this typically includes a complete multivitamin and mineral supplement, iron, calcium with vitamin D, and vitamin B12 (which may need to be given by injection in some patients)
6A, B) 28