If the time out of refrigeration is unknown or extended, discard the vial rather than guessing
Even trace amounts of metal ions from the rubber stopper or glass vial can catalyze oxidation reactions over time
Water has been removed under vacuum, leaving a crystalline peptide structure that resists oxidation and hydrolysis at room temperature for limited periods
The main thing of these largish peptides is to act as water-binding agents , and to make the skin nice and smooth (aka emollient)
Specific proteins in this supplement such as lactoferrin, serum albumin, alpha-lactalbumin, and immunoglobulins, are rich in cysteine and cystine residues, which are bioavailable for cellular absorption and subsequent glutathione synthesis
Every product is formulated around two of the most studied peptides in trichology research: GHK-Cu, which supports tissue remodelling and follicle health [2] , and AHK-Cu, shown in laboratory studies to stimulate dermal papilla cell proliferation and support hair follicle growth [1]