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the AGE-RAGE signaling, which induces axonal atrophy through p38 MAPK activation (Sango et al., 2025), and the PKC- activation, which impairs nerve blood flow via endothelin-1 overexpression ( Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal and Schwann cells leads to excessive O 2 production at complex I and III of the ETC, which initiates a cascade of injury through four primary mechanisms (Wu L
The primary physiological responses to GLP-1 are glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, and inhibition of gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.2.467 16
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Figure 3 6.2 Diabetes mellitus The chronic metabolic disease known as diabetes mellitus, and more specifically type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is typified by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and decreased insulin secretion