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(2026, April 1)

Abbreviations ASUD alcohol and other substance use disorder AUD alcohol use disorder BMI body mass index CNS central nervous system DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4 DSM-5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5 EX-4 exendin-4 FDA Food and Drug Administration GABA -aminobutyric acid GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1R glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor GLP-1RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist NAc nucleus accumbens NRT nicotine replacement therapy NTS nucleus tractus solitarius OUD opioid use disorder PFC prefrontal cortex RCT randomized controlled trial T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus TUD tobacco use disorder VTA ventral tegmental area Contributor Information Nirupam M Srinivasan, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland

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[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 69.Lee S.Y., Park S.L., Nam Y.D., Lee S.H

Wang JF, Milosveski V, Schramek C, Fong GH, Becks GP, Hill DJ

Real-time RT-PCR Livers were isolated and total RNA was extracted and purified using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany)