10.1056/NEJMoa2411664 18 ChalmersJ
This multi-level regulation keeps glutamate within its tight physiologic range. Excess causes excitotoxic neuronal death (as in stroke), while deficiency impairs learning and memory
Researchers consulting this page should weight study design and model accordingly, and should consult the cited primary literature in the References section
Others who might be prescribed B12 shots are those at the highest risk for a B12 deficiency, including: Vegans, since vitamin B12 is found only in animal products People ages 60 and up since their bodies don't absorb B12 as efficiently People with Crohn's disease or pancreatic disease, since they prevent nutrient absorption People who had weight-loss surgery, which decreases B12 absorption People with an eating disorder People with HIV People with diabetes Since a mild B12 deficiency might not cause symptoms, it can go undetected for years since levels are not checked during routine blood work
With bacteriostatic water, the benzyl alcohol provides ongoing protection for up to 28 days when stored properly
Severe liver or kidney conditions