If the direct link is non-existent, why does this question persist
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Specifically, studies have found that high doses of MDMA given to rodents can damage the nerve cells (neurons) that release the feel-good neurotransmitter serotonin
Chronic ethanol exposure has been shown to decrease serotonin levels and disrupt the functionality of serotonergic pathways (Dahchour and Ward 2024)
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 93.Honda Y., Kessoku T., Sumida Y., Kobayashi T., Kato T., Ogawa Y., Tomeno W., Imajo K., Fujita K., Yoneda M., et al
Acetylcarnitine also has potential regulatory effects on pain perception and emotion regulation by increasing the level of acetylated H3K27 bound to the Grm2 promoter through the epigenetic regulation of the type 2 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2) receptor, as well as the acetylation of the NF-B p65 subunit by increasing the transcription of the Grm2 gene [40, 41]