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Carnitine does not have an established tolerable upper intake level [1]

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TGAb, thyroglobulin antibody

The theoretical mechanism involves: Transdermal absorption of molecules through the stratum corneum (outer skin layer) Conversion to NAD+ within cells via salvage pathways Claimed sustained release over several hours, potentially avoiding first-pass hepatic metabolism Potential localised or systemic effects depending on absorption efficiency Manufacturers claim that transdermal delivery offers advantages over oral supplements, including better bioavailability and more consistent blood levels