AGEs also modify proteins from the ECM, leading to vessel stiffening and ECs stress [173,174,175,176,177]
FMT in animal models has been found to reduce the abundance of the Akkermansia genus (in phylum Verrucomicrobia) and increase the abundance of the Prevotella genus (in phylum Bacteroidetes) in gut microbiota (Tankou et al., 2018b), which is in line with findings of decreased gut Akkermansia after probiotic interventions and increased gut Prevotella after first-line disease-modifying treatments and time-restricted eating in MS patients (Jangi et al., 2016
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LPS binds to TLR4, stimulating Kupffer cells in the liver and the NF-B pathway and promoting the expression of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6
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Whole blood, red blood cells, plasma and isolated immune cells can produce different results