During disease progression, circulating immune cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes infiltrate the synovial membrane, triggering a cascade of pro-inflammatory signals that manifest clinically as joint swelling
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030116
NAD+ is the cellular energy currency nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide that these pathways consume
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 46.Horwood NJ, Page TH, McDaid JP, Palmer CD, Campbell J, Mahon T, Brennan FM, Webster D, and Foxwell BM 2006
It has a neuroendocrine pathway independent of the GLP-1 receptors, working by stimulating melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) to reduce hunger and increase basal metabolic rate
Outliers were removed when outside of two standard deviations from the mean