After an oral glucose load or a meal, this DPP-4 inhibition resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in circulating levels of active GLP-1 and GIP, decreased glucagon concentrations, and increased responsiveness of insulin release to glucose, resulting in higher C-peptide and insulin concentrations
Whether 1.3 grams produces a proportional effect or falls below some minimum threshold for meaningful microbiome changes remains an open question
Tabrizi R, Vakili S, Akbari M, Mirhosseini N, Lankarani KB, Rahimi M, et al
[106] Wang Y, Zhang S, Iqbal S, et al
In TCA group, mean improvement was 4.0 11.6% with range of 060% while in the methoxsalen group, mean improvement was 0.57 3.3% with range of 020% ( p = 0.051)
Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult US population, 19992010