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Think of insulin as the key that unlocks the cells so glucose in your bloodstream can enter them

A large 2023 study including people without diabetes who were using GLP-1 agonists for weight loss found that this class of medications may increase the risk of gastrointestinal conditions, such as gastroparesis

Animal models have also identified interaction pathways between the brain and adipose tissue, as well as between the brain and the microbiota, indicating that peripheral events strongly influence central nervous system activity and behavior ( The complex etiopathogenesis of T2DM has been explored in detail and includes insulin resistance (in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue), impaired insulin secretion, -cell dysfunction, immune dysregulation and meta-inflammation, hyperglucagonemia, disrupted gut microbiota, increased gastric glucose absorption, renal adaptation with enhanced glucose reabsorption and gluconeogenesis, decreased dopamine, and heightened sympathetic tone in the brain ( via cells of the circumventricular organs located around the third and fourth brain ventricles, transmitting signals to deeper brain structures

A recent small study found that reduced GLP-1 frequency may help people maintain their weight loss

However, the weight loss you achieved from GLP-1s usually improves insulin sensitivity, making control easier overall