As well, an underlying assumption of this analysis is that patients will comply with oral supplementation
It is a naturally occurring fragment of the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH)
That said, human safety data currently consists of only three small studies with no randomized controlled trials, and the longest follow-up spans just 6 to 12 months
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In some specific research protocols, alternatives are used: Sterile water for injection (WFI) , when the entire contents of the vial are used at once and a preservative is not needed Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) , in some applications requiring an isotonic environment Acidic solvents (e.g
In addition to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, PEA is also thought to offer neuroprotection by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species and by modulating cell death pathways