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Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, mitigate, or prevent disease

Oxidative stress is thought to play an important role in dopaminergic neurotoxicity

PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt as Pure PQQ) 20 mg

Preclinical evidence suggests that Hs anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties may help attenuate such adverse responses, although this requires further clinical validation

Cyclosporin administration has been shown to increase ROS production, causing lipid peroxidation, depletion of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, and elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (Akool el 2015

Both compounds discussed here are research compounds, not FDA-approved drugs, and the human efficacy data for both is limited or absent