False negatives may arise when bacteria responsible for degrading indigestible carbohydrates are absent, which can result from recent antibiotic use, laxative administration, enemas, or acute diarrhoea during the testing period [64]
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Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat
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With Vitamin C for Better Absorption: Boosts the effectiveness of glutathione and supports natural collagen production
DPP-4 Inhibitors Mechanism of action Competitive inhibition of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 slows degradation of endogenous incretins (GLP-1, GIP) Glucose-dependent insulin secretion Post-prandial glucagon release No direct effect on weight or insulin sensitivity Glycaemic efficacy Advantages Weight-neutral useful when metformin + SU cause weight concern Low hypoglycaemia risk (incretin-dependent action) Oral, generally once-daily
