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Key Points The incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are gut-derived hormones that potentiate insulin secretion and contribute to glucose metabolism through a wide range of physiological actions Inhibitors of the incretin-inactivating enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) and DPP-4-resistant injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) GLP-1 and other gut-derived hormones might directly and/or indirectly regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis by influencing feeding and drinking behaviour as well as electrolyte transport in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors increase natriuresis in T2DM, possibly through overlapping and distinct mechanisms, and might slightly improve renal haemodynamics in the setting of diabetes-related glomerular hyperfiltration Incretin-based therapies seem to directly influence renal physiology and have indirect metabolic and haemodynamic actions that might reduce renal risk in T2DM
In recent years, plant-derived antioxidant peptides have attracted much attention due to their significant neuroprotective potential and their ability to cross the gastrointestinal barrier or the BBB to reach their target sites associated with their molecular mode of action (114)
Int J Mol Sci 21(18):6801 Ruegger CM, Davis PG, Cheong JL (2018) Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near-term and term newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
It is believed that H2S deficiency contributes to the pathophysiology of hypertension
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