References Gwyer, D., Wragg, N
Goldstein, D
A 2018 study found 5-amino-1MQ increased NAD+ by up to 40% in cultured adipocytes, but this cellular change precedes noticeable effects by weeks
What GHK-Cu adds to the formulation: Gene expression modulation across hundreds of genes including collagen genes (Type I, III), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, anti-inflammatory mediators Collagen synthesis stimulation, specifically Type I and Type III collagen the structural proteins of skin, connective tissue, and many other tissues Anti-inflammatory signaling through investigated effects on TNF-, IL-6, and NF-B pathways Copper-peptide chemistry effects including cofactor activity for skin-relevant enzymes Skin-research and hair-research applications (the GHK-Cu literature in these areas is substantial) For the GHK-Cu deep-dive, see Copper Peptides Explained
MOTS-c is typically administered via subcutaneous injection into the abdomen, lateral thigh, or flank, rotating injection sites to prevent tissue accumulation
[1] That broad activity makes it a popular tool for repair-biology research
