Short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, represent the dominant end-products of ruminal and hindgut microbial fermentation
Genera such as Prevotella and Desulfovibrio were frequently downregulated alongside inflammation relief (Table 5), although specific strains exhibited variable responses depending on the intervention type
Evidence shows that sleeping less than seven hours a night can increase hunger and raise the risk of obesity , partly due to changes in appetite hormones like ghrelin and leptin
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