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Life Sci 87:521536

Future studies should incorporate direct measurement of LC uptake into spermatozoa (e.g., using fluorescent or radiolabeled LC), quantification of intracellular reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and ATP content, as well as longer incubation periods or lower LC doses to better reveal potential benefits of nanoencapsulation

Nat Rev Immunol .

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Together these modifications reduce IGFBP binding affinity by approximately 1,000-fold compared to native IGF-1 while preserving IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) binding

Abdominal pain and discomfort may occur, often related to the gastric emptying effects of tirzepatide