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(R)-alpha-Lipoic acid treatment restores ceramide balance in aging rat cardiac mitochondria
GLUT1-5 and GLUT12 are functionally in breast cancer cells ( The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is another way of oxidative decomposition of glucose besides glycolysis and TCA cycle, which produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), ribose phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to make cancer cells satisfy their anabolic needs and respond to oxidative stress ( Amino Acid Metabolism Glutamine and its metabolic intermediates such as antioxidants nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and glutathione (GSH), participate in energy supply, supplement glucose metabolism and help cells resist oxidative stress to uphold proliferation and progression of tumor cells ( c-MYC and RAS , can increase the cancer cell glutamine metabolic activity by upregulating glutamine transporters such as alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) and enzymes participating in the conversion of glutamine-to-glutamate, such as glutaminase (GLS)-1 ( c-MYC activates the expression of ASCT2 and GLS-1 under the induction of lactic acid, leading to elevated glutamine uptake and catabolism in cancer cells ( One-carbon metabolism, also known as network of folate utilization reactions, participates in multiple metabolic pathways such as amino acid biosynthesis and degradation, de novo nucleotide biosynthesis, and methylation and reductive metabolism ( In addition to glutamine, upregulation of serine/glycine metabolism closely connected with folate metabolism is relevant to high proliferation of tumor cells and poor prognosis of patients ( Lipid Metabolism The fatty acids (FAs) and lipid metabolic programming also play significant parts in promoting breast cancer growth and progression ( de novo lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis, showing active lipid and cholesterol metabolisms ( de novo fatty acid synthesis (FAS) to satisfy the augmented demand for membrane metabolism in favor of rapid growth and proliferation
Metabolic regulation of cytoskeleton functions by HDAC6-catalyzed alpha-tubulin lactylation
Protection against telomere shortening is provided by activation of the enzymes telomerase and glutathione peroxidase
Study time and observation time points assumed nominal categories
