Partial enteral nutrition (PEN) has been demonstrated to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, particularly by promoting the proliferation of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and enhancing mucosal barrier function 208
However, although leptin supplementation is effective for patients with congenital leptin deficiency, leptin has little effect on weight reduction
(2022) 9:e000602
Zhang J, Du GC, Zhang Y, Liao XY, Wang M, Li Y, Chen J: Glutathione protects Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis against freeze-thawing, freeze-drying, and cold treatment
[1] [2] They work by mimicking the action of naturally occurring GLP-1, an incretin hormone released by the intestine in response to food intake
Notably, by 2011, the prevalence in rural China (30.6% for central obesity only and 10.6% for both types) exceeded that in urban areas