Unfortunately, vitamin B12 deficiency during infancy results in severe, permanent neurological damage
Deficiency is also seen with malabsorption, particularly in the elderly and with poor digestion
Common causes include pernicious anaemia (autoimmune condition), plant-based diets without supplementation, gastrointestinal surgery, and long-term use of metformin or proton pump inhibitors
Any off-label, personal, or clinical use is strictly outside the intended scope of supply
Whatever the cause of the deficiency is, oral and injection supplements are considered safe and viable to treat the issue
IM administration is the most invasive and costly, requiring healthcare visits, trained personnel, and procedural infrastructure