Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is a bacterial toxin known to induce neuroinflammation by targeting the activation of TLR4 pathway through respective receptors (Figure 1)
393,394 For instance, miR-146a regulates inflammatory responses by targeting IRAK1 and TRAF6, and its decreased expression contributes to increased inflammation in DPN
The Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization define probiotics as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly the genus Lactobacillus , are widely recognized probiotics
however, its strong hydrophilicity and poor lipid solubility result in limited bloodbrain barrier (BBB) permeability and suboptimal clinical performance
Only special lasers can be used on patients with darker skin types to avoid additional hyperpigmentation
Genetics, a huge regulator