In contrast to previous reports suggesting that metformin activates AMPK to inhibit IIRI-induced autophagy [24, 25], our study revealed no significant change in AMPK expression following metformin treatment
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However, recent studies have reported other transcription factors, including forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a), which participates in cell metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress
Thus, ROS cause the inhibition of GAPDH activity in cells on two fronts: first, via inducing its direct oxidation and second, by causing NAD + depletion (Figure 1)
No subgroup analysis was performed on studies
Among these, 151 were used for general review across all sections, while 161 peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria and were retained for qualitative analysis