When adverse effects occurred, they were typically mild and transient, with the most common being mild to moderate headaches (similar frequency to placebo groups), minor injection site reactions (redness, slight swelling), and gastrointestinal effects at higher oral doses (nausea, diarrhea)
Side Effects and Safety Considerations for Patients DPP-4 inhibitors are generally well tolerated, but important risks include pancreatitis, bullous pemphigoid, severe joint pain, and increased heart failure hospitalisation risk with saxagliptin and alogliptin
Inhibition of cysteine cathepsin B and L activation in astrocytes contributes to neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia via blocking the tBid-mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway
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This is believed to occur because insulin is an inhibitor of cystathionine -synthase expression, and in the absence of insulin there is higher catabolism of homocysteine through cystathionine and cysteine synthesis (24)
[8] Miller DC, Hafez KS, Stewart A, et al