Additionally, it suppresses the release of glucagon, a hormone that raises blood glucose levels, further contributing to improved glycemic control
Contact your GP or diabetes specialist nurse urgently if you experience persistently high blood glucose readings (consistently above 15 mmol/L), symptoms of hyperglycaemia such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, or unexplained fatigue, or if you have positive ketones in your urine

For example, inulin-type fructans from Platycodon grandiflorus have been shown to stimulate transcription of the anti-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner in a porcine jejunum epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) ( Codonopsis pilosula and Codonopsis tangshen are natural sources of potential antioxidants, which can increase intestinal levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, but reduce the levels of malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenaseto enhance the antioxidant defense of IECs ( Ruminococcus bromii -producing butyrate is a major source of energy for colonocytes, which contributes to enterocyte proliferation ( In addition to promoting the function of IECs, inulin can promote intestinal barrier function by regulating TJ proteins

The following sections review the pharmacology and clinical characteristics of currently available GLP-1 RAs that should be considered when applying the clinical recommendations discussed above to individual patients with T2D
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide modeled after a protein found naturally in the human stomach
Key Concepts What is GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide 1)