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In vitiligo patients, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines typical of innate immunity, IL IL-1, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, and TNF-, is observed in both serum and skin.2,3 Damage-associated molecular patterns The Koebner phenomenon is considered an initial trigger for vitiligo
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Increased replicative capacity is linked to extended cellular lifespan in controlled laboratory conditions
Pharm Biol 54(4):712719 Slominski RM, Sarna T, Ponka PM, Raman C, Broyna AA, Slominski AT (2022) Melanoma, melanin, and melanogenesis: the Yin and Yang relationship