Study period 1/1/2021 to 10/1/2024 with follow-up possible through 7/1/2025 Study population: inclusion Patients with: PCOS (encounter or billing diagnosis with ICD-10-CM code E28.2) before exposure or within two years of drug trial start Evaluated sex of female or ambiguous Aged 18 to 50 at drug trial start No overlap in metformin and GLP-1 use At least one measurement within one year prior to trial start At least one measurement 9 to 15 months after trial start At least 70% of days covered by their exposure medication dispense Study population: exclusion Patients with: Evidence of pregnancy during baseline or outcome measurements Definitive pregnancy start date: Between 12 months before the first reading through the follow-up reading Definitive pregnancy end date, delivery, or if its ambiguous what point in the pregnancy the patient would be at (e.g
Compared to oral delivery, nasal delivery typically achieves higher bioavailability for peptides, faster onset, and avoids the requirement for fasting that oral peptide formulations demand
Orexigenic neurons, which stimulate appetite, produce neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
The convenient two-way applicator allows for easy and precise application
Analyses were made per unit increase in log-transformed CRP and IL6, as well as comparing the highest (Q4) to lowest (Q1) 25% of their distributions, adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention medications
It strengthens the mucosal barrier, which prevents harmful substances from leaking into the bloodstream
