Catalpol mainly exerts its effects through antioxidant activity, anti-apoptotic properties, regulation of autophagy, and promotion of neuronal survival, offering novel insights and a theoretical foundation for natural medicine in the settlement of brain diseases (Table 8
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For example, QA reduces cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase activity and depletes glutathione, thereby weakening endogenous antioxidant defences that are already compromised in MDD [145]
Anti-inflammatory activity reduces markers (interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha), which aligns with improved recovery conditions
butyricum colonization in tumor tissues and a favorable prognosis and low invasiveness in patients with PDAC
doi: 10.1105/tpc.3.10.1085 73 WawrzyskiA.KoperaE.WawrzyskaA.KamiskaJ.BalW.SirkoA