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Bladder cancer (BC) represents a significant health problem due to the potential morbidity and mortality associated with disease burden, which has remained largely unaltered over time

The present study, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Risk Factors, and Injuries Study (GBD) 2020, re-estimated the continuous doseresponse relationships (the mean risk functions and associated uncertainty estimates) between current smoking and 36 health outcomes (Supplementary Table 1) by identifying input studies using a systematic review approach and employing a meta-analytic method 28

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The approach intends to improve logistical efficiency, support regional economic growth, and reduce environmental impact