Thirdly, although our analysis identified population-level associations, observational design inherently limits causal inference, and linear trend assumptions (such as EAPC) may oversimplify complex temporal dynamics affected by sudden policy shifts
The heating of e-cig fluid generates an aerosol that contains humectants (vegetable glycerin, propyl glycol) and their toxic byproducts when heated (reactive aldehydes, volatile organic compounds), flavorings, heavy metals, and nicotine
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In contrast, we estimate that cigarettes acquired in Mexico represented a large percentage of total cigarette consumption in four Southwestern states: New Mexico (18.3 percent), California (15.5 percent), Arizona (13.3 percent) and Texas (8.7 percent)
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