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Evaluation of nicotine addiction and brain neurochemistry Strengths The role of dopamine could explain how there appears to be a genetic link to addiction, as the release of dopamine may lead some individuals to feel more reward from using nicotine than others, and this difference in the dopaminergic pathway may be inherited The link between the use of nicotine and dopamine is also supported by research showing that smokers are less likely to develop Parkinsons disease (which is due to the loss of dopamine-producing cells) than non-smokers (Chen, 2010) Limitations The research evidence in this area often comes from animal experiments , meaning the findings may not be generalisable to humans Research into nicotine addiction and brain neurochemistry cannot explain individual differences in reasons for smoking and cannot explain why some people become addicted very quickly and others do not Issues & Debates Focusing only on neurochemical mechanisms is biologically reductionist , as it ignores psychological and social factors (e.g., stress, peer pressure, habits) that influence smoking A more holistic understanding of addiction would consider how brain chemistry interacts with environment and individual experience Cosgrove et al

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PMID 2529634

If it had not pleased God to have put a terror in the Savages hearts, we had all perished by those wild and cruel Pagans, being in that weak estate as we were

Unlike the more traditional freebase nicotine, which is the purest form of nicotine used in most standard e-liquids, nicotine salts are created by combining nicotine with an acid, such as benzoic or citric acid

How far the emphysema patient can walk in 6 minutes Neither the GOLD nor BODE scores can predict longevity or mortality but are guidelines to assess the severity of emphysema and how it may affect future lifestyles