Upon thermal degradation, PG and VG differentially produce the aldehydes acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde 10 , which are estimated to account for 92% of the cardiovascular toxicity of cigarette smoke 21
Next, this matrix is used to create a Gower's centered matrix , in which n is the number of participants, I is the n n identity matrix, and 1 is a vector of n 1s
However, these are generally produced at lower levels than with conventional cigarettes
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Smoking pipes and cigars also causes cancer