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Comparing the counterfactual for individual policies, much of the reduction in exclusive cigarette use was due to price increases

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1.21 mg/stick) was reported in one study to be similar to IQOS-R (online supplemental table S3).41 Independent data Fifteen studies reported nicotine yield from IQOS-R under different puffing regimes (range: 0.301.46 mg/stick).36 4558 The collected data showed that the average nicotine yield from IQOS-R (1.190.20 mg/stick) was equal to 65% that of 3R4F.51 55 58 Six studies reported on nicotine yield of IQOS-M (1.090.25 mg/stick).45 46 51 52 54 58 Eleven studies used cigarette comparators other than 3R4F, with two studies showing that IQOS-R nicotine yield is equivalent to that of 1R5F reference cigarette (1.1 mg/cigarette).36 45 4754 56 Two independent studies found nicotine mainly in salt form in IQOS-R aerosols.47 56 Table 2 shows the wide range of nicotine yields from IQOS-R generated under different puffing parameters as reported by all data sources (0.302.19 mg/stick).59 Levels of carbonyls in IQOS aerosols PMI data Three PMI studies quantified carbonyls in IQOS-R emissions under different puffing regimes.9 41 42 For eight carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone and butyraldehyde), the data showed a significant reduction (70%95%) in IQOS-R aerosols compared with 3R4F cigarette smoke.9 41 42 Three studies highlighted the robustness of HPHC reductions (including carbonyls) in IQOS aerosols compared with 3R4F under different puffing regimes and climatic conditions.5961 A comprehensive chemical characterisation using non-targeted analysis and semiquantification reported similar reductions in the above-mentioned carbonyls.62 However, the same data showed a lower reduction in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (28%) and 2,3-pentanedione (62%) and increases in hydroxyacetone (226%), furfural (125%), 5-methylfurfural (270%) and 2(5H)-furanone (332%) levels in IQOS-R aerosols compared with 3R4F cigarette smoke

[30] [31] Many countries list anosmia as an official COVID-19 symptom, and some have developed "smell tests" as potential screening tools

Perceptions of e-cigarette use were assessed using the Adolescent E-Cigarette Use Outcome Expectancy Scale 15 , which includes eight entries (two dimensions: the positive outcome expectancy and the negative outcome expectancy) rated from least likely= 1 to most likely=10