According to ARPA Lombardia (the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection), cigarette smoke accounts for a significant portion of fine particulate matter: as much as 7% of those present in the area are attributed to cigarettes
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However, there must be a means of self-harm
In order to assess a putative reduction of health risks, an integrated study design is required that should include clinical studies and epidemiology data
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The causal chain of events linking smoking to genetic damage To answer the first question, let us consider the causal chain of events linking smoking to genetic damage: Emission of carcinogenic toxicants leads to exposure to carcinogenic toxicants, which in turn leads to metabolic responses to toxicant exposure, genotoxicity, and DNA damage