16 Effective smoking reduction was defined as a self-reported decrease of 50% or more in the number of cigarettes smoked per day
Most causes are environmental or lifestyle-related
Therefore, when people stop smoking, depressive symptoms such as suicidal tendencies or actual depression may result, [162] [175] although a recent international study comparing smokers who had stopped for 3 months with continuing smokers found that stopping smoking did not appear to increase anxiety or depression
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Key findings Among the cohort of nonheavy smokers, the median pack-year smoking history was 7.6 pack-years (IQR, 3.3-13.5) for the 615 former smokers with 15 or more years of smoking cessation, 10 pack-years (IQR, 5.3-14.9) for the 146 former smokers with less than 15 years of smoking cessation and 11.4 pack-years (IQR, 7.3-14.4) for the 100 current smokers
After that, smoking rates dropped to between 20% and 29% for more than two decades